Title: Valuing Investment in Military Command and Control Training: Can We Use Intermediate Decision-based Measures?

With pressure on defence budgets, the military have a requirement to revisit the value of training, education and experiential learning in order to inform future balance of investment decisions. This paper introduces new approaches to the value of training, education and experiential learning through use of intermediate decision-based measures. It discusses previous research and experiments designed to investigate how we might capture such measures through experiments and structured interviews (such as Critical Decision Method interviews) aimed at eliciting the range and types of decision-options being considered by decision-takers. The paper outlines four types of knowledge:  Techne: Technical/practical skills (as developed by practice and repetition);  Episteme: Teachable knowledge (as developed by being taught in company of those who already know or by reading training notes or books);  Phronesis: Experiential knowledge (can be learnt only by direct personal experience – actually being there to know what it felt like);  Metis: Conjectural knowledge (that combines wisdom, deception, insightfulness, vigilance, resourcefulness, opportunism and ‘cunning’). It frames these knowledge types according to different decision-roles (e.g. action-taking, decision-taking, decision-making and option-shaping). The presentation will also provide a more detailed treatment of an illustrative example of an investment decision for a future command trainer to demonstrate how measures relate to different aspects of value by adopting different stakeholders’ perspectives. Primary topics: Military training, balance of investment, measurement of C2 training effectiveness, decision-making, decision-taking, knowledge, capacity, learning. 1 This work was supported and funded by Assistant Director Directorate Equipment Programme, Operational Analysis, UK Ministry of Defence. © Centre for Applied Systems Studies, Cranfield University